The Study of Competence in Cognitive Psychology
نویسندگان
چکیده
Les auteurs passent en revue certaines tendances contemporaines concernant I'etude des processus cognitifs et ils mettent l'accent sur quelques-uns des problemes non resolus par ces theories. lIs centrent leurs recherches sur ce qui est naturel dans les processus cognitifs a certains niveaux de comportement par opposition a ce qui serait possible a tous les niveaux. Cette approche conduit a diviser l'etude des processus cognitifs en trois parties: il faut d'abord determiner les capacites initiales des jeunes enfants, puis definir les etats stables atteints par les adultes et enfin trouver une theorie de l'apprentissage qui explique Ie passage des unes aux autres. Les recherches preliminaires ont mis en evidence plusieurs principes deja connus en psychologie mais dont on ne s'etait jusqu'ici pas methodiquement servi pour l'etude des processus cognitifs. Premierement, I'echec a une tache cognitive ne signifie pas necessairement que cette tache soit impossible a effectuer sous d'autres formes. C'est donc dire qu'on ne peut conclure a une absence des regles necessaires pour l'execution. Deuxiemement, Ie developpement n'est pas a sens unique; on trouve non seulement des plateaux dans Ie developpement des capacites sous-jacentes a des comportements specifiques, mais aussi des baisses temporaires de performance dues II la dynamique du developpement cognitif. Pinalement, en linguistique comme en cognition, les auteurs n'ont trouve aucune raison qui puisse les amener IIsupposer qu'une theorie formelle et descriptive soit une representation fideIe des operations psychologiques qui conduisent aux performances des adultes.
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